Backpacking may refer to:
- Backpacking (wilderness), hiking or camping overnight in the wilderness
- Backpacking (travel), low-cost, generally urban, travel with minimal luggage and frugal accommodations
- Ultralight backpacking, backpacking while carrying very few or very light supplies
- Backpacking in Canada, travel backpacking in Canada
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The Warsaw Convention is an international convention which regulates liability for international carriage of persons, luggage or goods performed by aircraft for reward.
Originally signed in 1929 in Warsaw (hence the name), it was amended in 1955 at The Hague and in 1975 in Montreal. United States courts have held that, at least for some purposes, the Warsaw Convention is a different instrument from the Warsaw Convention as Amended by the Hague Protocol.
In particular, the Warsaw Convention:
- mandates carriers to issue passenger tickets;
- requires carriers to issue baggage checks for checked luggage;
- creates a limitation period of 2 years within which a claim must be brought (Article 29); and
- sets a carrier’s liability to at least:
- 250,000 Francs or 16,600 Special Drawing Rights (SDR) for personal injury;
- 17 SDR per kilogram for checked luggage and cargo,
- 5,000 Francs or 332 SDR for the hand luggage of a traveller.
The sums limiting liability were originally given in Francs (defined in terms of a particular quantity of gold by article 22 paragraph 5 of the convention). These sums were amended by the Montreal Additional Protocol No. 2 to substitute an expression given in terms of SDR’s. These sums are valid in the absence of a differing agreement (on a higher sum) with the carrier. Agreements on lower sums are null and void.
On April 1, 2007, the exchange rate was 1.00 SDR = 1.135 EUR or
1.00 SDR = 1.51 USD.
A court may also award a claiming party’s costs, unless the carrier made an offer within 6 months of the loss (or at least 6 months before the beginning of any legal proceedings) which the claiming party has failed to beat.
The Montreal Convention, signed in 1999, will replace the Warsaw Convention system, once Montreal has been ratified by all states. Until then, however, there will be a patchwork of rules governing international carriage by air, as different states will be parties to different agreements (or no agreement at all).
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A deadbolt is a special kind of locking mechanism, providing more security than an ordinary key-operated lock because the weight of the locking bar is usually sufficient to increase break-in time to 10 or 15 minutes.
Unlike most spring-bolt locks, in which the bolt is held in place only by the pressure of a spring and can easily be retracted, a deadbolt lock cannot be opened except by rotating the lock cylinder.
A variant of the standard deadbolt is the vertical deadbolt, which generally rests on top of a door. Vertical deadbolts resist jimmying (in which an intruder inserts a pry bar between the door and the frame and tries to pry the bolt out of the jamb).
Security Features
Many designs are available from manufacturers. Various manufacturers have patented designs offering unique solutions to prevent the locks from being defeated by picking, lock bumping prying, and other forceful attacks.
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Locks-and-keys is a solution to dangling pointers in computer programming languages.
The locks-and-keys approach represents pointers as ordered pairs (key, address) where the key is an integer value. Heap-dynamic variables are represented as the storage for the variable plus a cell for an integer. When a variable is allocated, a lock value is created and placed both into the variable’s cell and into the variable’s ordered pair. Every access to the pointer compares these two values, and access is allowed only if the values match.
When a variable is deallocated, the key of its ordered pair is modified to hold a value different from the variable’s cell. From then on, any attempt to dereference the pointer can be flagged as an error. Since copying a pointer also copies its cell value, changing the key of the ordered pair safely disables all copies of the pointer.
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A bored cylindrical lock is one in which two holes are bored, perpendicular to one another, into the door. A large hole is bored into the door face and a smaller crossbore hole is bored into the door edge, as opposed to a mortise lock prep cut into the edge of the door. Typically, the face hole is sized from 1.5 inches to 2.125 inches (3.8 to 5.4 cm) and is centered at 2.375 inches or 2.75 inches (6.0 cm or 7.0 cm) from the leading edge of the door, this distance is referred to as the backset. Other, less popular, backsets are at 3.75 and 5 inches (9.5 and 12.7 cm). Residential doors are normally prepared for a 2.375 inch (6.0 cm) backset and commercial doors at a 2.75 inch (7 cm) backset.
History
The cylindrical lock was invented by Walter Schlage in 1909.
The bored cylindrical lock arose from a need for a more cost-effective method of locking doors. The previous norm, the mortise lock, is a more complex device, and its higher manufacturing cost as well as its more labor intensive installation make the bored cylindrical lock an ideal substitute, both in price and functionality.
Currently
The great majority of locks now in use on residences in North America are a variation of the cylindrical lock and are known as tubular chassis locks. Generally, they are not as strong as a cylindrical lock.
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The Hatherton Canal is a derelict branch of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal in south Staffordshire, England.
When it was built it ran 4 miles (6 km) through eight locks from Hatherton Junction on the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal to Churchbridge Junction on the Churchbridge Branch (a short branch with thirteen locks) of the Cannock Extension Canal (a branch of the Wyrley and Essington Canal). It was completed in 1860. Subsidence due to mining caused its closure in 1955.
The canal is now part of an active restoration project. However, due to building on the cut, the current plans call for the canal to deviate from the original route in places. This includes new tunnels under the A5 road and a cluvert, already in place, over the M6 Toll motorway.
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A bahut is a portable coffer or chest, with a rounded lid covered in leather, garnished with nails, once used for the transport of clothes or other personal luggage, it was, in short, the original portmanteau. This ancient receptacle, of which mention is made as early as the 14th century — its traditional form is still preserved in many varieties of the travelling trunk — sometimes had its leather covering richly ornamented, and occasionally its interior was divided into compartments; but whatever the details of its construction it was always readily portable. Towards the end of the 17th century the name fell into disuse, and was replaced by coffer, which probably accounts for its misuse by the French romantic writers of the early 19th century. They applied it to almost any antique sideboard, cupboard or wardrobe, and its use became hopelessly confused.
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A rotary combination lock is a lock commonly used to secure safes and as an unkeyed padlock mechanism. This type of locking mechanism consists of a single dial which must be rotated left and right in a certain combination in order to open the lock.
Contained inside the mechanism are discs, usually three, with notches that must be aligned to allow for a release of the piece holding the lock in place, and the lock to open. The position of the discs are manipulated by turning the dial left and right; on the dial is a catch - a sort of nub - and on each side of the discs is also a small catch. As the dial rotates, there will not be enough space for the catch on the dial to pass the catch on that side of the disc, and so the disc will begin to rotate with the dial. As this disc rotates, its catch will in turn begin rotating the next disc in a similar fashion. Once all discs and the dial are rotating together, the dial is rotated until the last disc is in place and the notch is in the proper positioning, then by rotating the dial in the other direction, the catches will all disconnect, starting from the dial to the first disc and so on until they connect from the other side and the discs begin to rotate together by the same method but in the opposite direction. In this way, the remaining discs are able to rotate and change their position without further disturbing the last disc. The process is completed back and forth until all discs are in place, and the lock is released.
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The Warsaw Convention is an international convention which regulates liability for international carriage of persons, luggage or goods performed by aircraft for reward.
Originally signed in 1929 in Warsaw (hence the name), it was amended in 1955 at The Hague and in 1975 in Montreal. United States courts have held that, at least for some purposes, the Warsaw Convention is a different instrument from the Warsaw Convention as Amended by the Hague Protocol.
In particular, the Warsaw Convention:
- mandates carriers to issue passenger tickets;
- requires carriers to issue baggage checks for checked luggage;
- creates a limitation period of 2 years within which a claim must be brought (Article 29); and
- sets a carrier’s liability to at least:
- 250,000 Francs or 16,600 Special Drawing Rights (SDR) for personal injury;
- 17 SDR per kilogram for checked luggage and cargo,
- 5,000 Francs or 332 SDR for the hand luggage of a traveller.
The sums limiting liability were originally given in Francs (defined in terms of a particular quantity of gold by article 22 paragraph 5 of the convention). These sums were amended by the Montreal Additional Protocol No. 2 to substitute an expression given in terms of SDR’s. These sums are valid in the absence of a differing agreement (on a higher sum) with the carrier. Agreements on lower sums are null and void.
On April 1, 2007, the exchange rate was 1.00 SDR = 1.135 EUR or
1.00 SDR = 1.51 USD.
A court may also award a claiming party’s costs, unless the carrier made an offer within 6 months of the loss (or at least 6 months before the beginning of any legal proceedings) which the claiming party has failed to beat.
The Montreal Convention, signed in 1999, will replace the Warsaw Convention system, once Montreal has been ratified by all states. Until then, however, there will be a patchwork of rules governing international carriage by air, as different states will be parties to different agreements (or no agreement at all).
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